Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Caius, John

Caius, John

] John Caius [Anglice Kees, Keys, etc.] (November 6, 1510 - July 29, 1573), was an English physician, and second founder of the present Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He was born in Norwich on the 6th of November 1510. He was admitted as student at what was then Gonville Hall, Cambridge, where he seems to have mainly studied divinity. After graduating in 1533, he visited Italy, where he studied under the celebrated Montanus and Vesalius at Padua; and in 1541 he took his degree in physic at Padua. In 1543 he visited several parts of Italy, Germany and France and then returned to England. He was a physician in London in 1547, and was admitted as a fellow of the College of Physicians, of which he was for many years president. In 1557, at that time physician to Queen Mary, he enlarged the foundation of his old college, changed the name from "Gonville Hall" to "Gonville and Caius College," and endowed it with several considerable estates, adding an entire new court at the expense of £1,834. He accepted the mastership of this college (January 24 1558/9) on the death of Dr Bacon, and held it till about a month before his own death. He was physician to Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. He returned to Cambridge from London for a few days in June 1573, about a month before his death, and resigned the mastership to Dr Legge, a tutor at Jesus College. He died at his London house, in St Bartholomew's, on the 29th of July, 1573, but his body was brought to Cambridge, and buried in the chapel under the well-known monument which he had designed. Dr Caius was a learned, active and benevolent man. In 1557 he erected a monument in St Paul's Cathedral to the memory of Linacre. In 1564 he obtained a grant for Gonville and Caius College to take the bodies of two malefactors annually for dissection; he was thus an important pioneer in advancing the science of anatomy. He probably devised, and certainly presented, the silver caduceus now in the possession of Caius College as part of its insignia; he first gave it to the College of Physicians, and afterwards presented the London College with another. He is believed to be the inspiration for the character of Dr Caius in Shakespeare's play the Merry Wives of Windsor.

Works by Caius

His works are:
- Annals of the College from 1555 to 1572
- translation of several of Galen's works, printed at different times abroad.
- Hippocrates de Medicamentis, first discovered and published by Dr Caius; also De Ratsone Vicius (Lov. 1556, 8vo)
- De Mendeti Methodo (Basel, 1554; London, 1556, Svo)
- Account of the Sweating Sickness in England (London, 1556, 1721), (it is entitled De Ephemera Britannica)
- History of the University of Cambridge (London, 1568, 8vo; 1574, 4to, in Latin)
- De Thermis Britannicis; but it is doubtful whether this work was ever printed
- Of Some Rare Plants and Animals (London, 1570)
- De Canibus Britannicis (1570, 1729)
- De Pronunciatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae (London, 1574)
- De Libris propriis (London, 1570). He also wrote numerous other works which were never printed. For further details see the Biographical History of Caius College, an admirable piece of historical work, by Dr John Venn (1897). This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

External link


- [http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/college/past/ingram/historyjcaius.php John Caius] on the Gonville and Caius College website Caius, John Caius, John Caius

November 6

November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. With 88 days between the equinox on September 23 and the solstice on 21 December, we are considered halfway through the relevant seasons (Autumn or Fall in the northern hemisphere; Spring in the southern hemisphere) on November 6.

Events


- 1528 - Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot on Texas.
- 1789 - Pope Pius VI appoints Father John Carroll as the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States.
- 1844 - The first constitution of the Dominican Republic was adopted.
- 1860 - U.S. presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.
- 1869 - In New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University defeats Princeton University, 6-4, in the first official intercollegiate American football game .
- 1873 - The Halifax Rugby League Football Club is formed.
- 1888 - U.S. presidential election, 1888: Democrat incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the overall popular vote, but is voted out of office because he loses in the Electoral College to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison.
- 1889 - Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market the playing card game Hanafuda.
- 1900 - U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley is re-elected by defeating Democrat challenger William Jennings Bryan.
- 1913 - Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
- 1917 - World War I: Third Battle of Ypres ends: After three months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Ypres in Belgium.
- 1918 - The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed in Poland.
- 1928 - Swedes start a tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to commemorate the king.
- 1928 - U.S. presidential election, 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democrat Alfred E. Smith.
- 1935 - Before the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers, Edwin Armstrong presents his paper "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation" (see: FM radio).
- 1939 - World War II: Sonderaktion Krakau
- 1939 - The Hedda Hopper Show debuts with Hollywood gossip Hedda Hopper as host. The show would run until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure in the Hollywood elite.
- 1941 - World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule. He states that even though 350,000 troops were killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a wild exaggeration) and that Soviet victory was near.
- 1947 - Meet The Press makes its television debut (the show went to a weekly schedule on September 12, 1948).
- 1956 - U.S. presidential election, 1956: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower is re-elected by defeating Democrat challenger Adlai E. Stevenson in a rematch of their contest four years earlier.
- 1957 - Félix Gaillard becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1962 - Apartheid: The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution condemning South Africa's racist apartheid policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic relations with the nation.
- 1963 - Vietnam War: Following the November 1 coup and execution of President Ngo Dinh Diem, coup leader General Duong Van Minh takes over leadership of South Vietnam.
- 1965 - Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States. By 1971, 250,000 Cubans will take advantage of this program.
- 1971 - The AEC tests the largest U.S. underground hydrogen bomb, code-named Cannikin, on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians.
- 1975 - Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
- 1975 - The Sex Pistols play their first concert at St. Martin's School of Art in London.
- 1977 - The Kelly Barnes Dam, located above Toccoa Falls Bible College near Toccoa, Georgia, fails, killing 39.
- 1984 - Ronald Reagan defeats Walter Mondale to be re-elected in one of the largest electoral landslides in United States election history.
- 1985 - In Colombia, leftist guerrillas of the April 19 Movement seize control of the Palace of Justice in Bogotá, eventually killing 115 people, 11 of them Supreme Court justices.
- 1985 - "Irangate" scandal: The American press reveals that US President Ronald Reagan had authorized the shipment of arms to Iran.
- 1988 - Beatle Ringo Starr checks into an alcohol rehabilitation centre.
- 1989 - Kitty Dukakis, wife of presidential candidate and Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis, is hospitalised for drinking rubbing alcohol.
- 1996 - The family of Eduardo Quihua Maquixtle from Vicente Guerrero, Mexico, including his four children, are stabbed by three men accusing them of witchcraft.
- 1998 - Hugo Chávez is elected president of Venezuela
- 1999 - Australians vote to keep the British monarch as their head of state in the Australian republic referendum..
- 2001 - Belgians national airline Sabena is declared bankrupt.
- 2001 - Michael Bloomberg is elected mayor of New York City.
- 2001 - David Trimble is re-elected prime minister of Northern Ireland
- 2002 - 12 people are killed in a fire on board a train headed for Vienna from Paris
- 2002 - Winona Ryder is found guilty of shoplifting after stealing items worth $5,500 from a New York boutique.
- 2004 - An express train collides with a stationary car near the village of Ufton Nervet, England, killing 6 and injuring 150.
- 2004 - Official Guided by Voices Day in Dallas, Texas.
- 2005 - The 2005 French Riots continue for a tenth day.
- 2005 - Manchester United beats Chelsea FC at a football game at Old Trafford, Manchester to end the defending champion's 40-match unbeaten run in the English Premier League.
- 2005 - The Evansville Tornado of November 2005 kills 22 in Indiana and Kentucky.

Births


- 1391 - Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
- 1479 - Joanna of Castile, queen of Philip I of Castile (d. 1555)
- 1494 - Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1566)
- 1510 - John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
- 1661 - King Charles II of Spain (d. 1700)
- 1692 - Louis Racine, French poet (d. 1763)
- 1814 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian inventor (d.1894)
- 1833 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (d.1908)
- 1841 - Nelson W. Aldrich, U.S. Senator from Rhode Island (d. 1915)
- 1841 - Armand Fallières, French president (d. 1931)
- 1851 - Charles Dow, American journalist and economist (d.1902)
- 1854 - John Philip Sousa, American composer (d. 1932)
- 1855 - Ezra Seymour Gosney, American philanthropist and eugenicist (d. 1942)
- 1860 - Ignace Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and President of Poland (d.1941)
- 1861 - James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939)
- 1880 - Robert Musil, Austrian novelist (d. 1942)
- 1887 - Walter Johnson, baseball player (d. 1946)
- 1892 - Harold Ross, American editor (d.1951)
- 1914 - Jonathan Harris, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1916 - Ray Conniff, American composer and conductor (d.2002)
- 1921 - James Jones, American writer (d. 1977)
- 1931 - Mike Nichols, American film director
- 1938 - Mack Jones, baseball player (d. 2004)
- 1938 - P.J. Proby, American-born singer and actor
- 1939 - Michael Schwerner, American civil rights activist (d. 1964)
- 1946 - Sally Field, American actress
- 1948 - Glenn Frey, American singer (Eagles)
- 1949 - Brad Davis, American actor (d. 1991)
- 1949 - Arturo Sandoval, Cuban-born trumpeter
- 1955 - Maria Shriver, American journalist
- 1957 - Klaus Kleinfeld, German industrialist
- 1957 - Lori Singer, American actress
- 1965 - Greg Graffin, American singer (Bad Religion)
- 1966 - Paul Gilbert, American guitarist and singer
- 1966 - Christian Lorenz, German keyboardist (Rammstein)
- 1967 - Rebecca Schaeffer, American actress (d. 1989)
- 1970 - Ethan Hawke, American actor
- 1972 - Garry Flitcroft, English footballer
- 1972 - Thandie Newton, Zambian actress
- 1972 - Rebecca Romijn, American actress
- 1973 - Nell McAndrew, British model
- 1976 - Mike Herrera, American singer and bassist (mxpx)
- 1976 - Pat Tillman, American football player (d. 2004)
- 1979 - Lamar Odom, American basketball player
- 1987 - Ana Ivanović, Serbian tennis player

Deaths


- 1231 - Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1196)
- 1406 - Pope Innocent VII
- 1492 - Antoine Busnois, French composer
- 1550 - Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1487)
- 1632 - King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (killed in battle) (b. 1594)
- 1656 - King John IV of Portugal (b. 1603)
- 1692 - Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, French writer (b. 1619)
- 1752 - Ralph Erskine, Scottish minister (b. 1685)
- 1771 - John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (b. 1695)
- 1790 - James Bowdoin, American Revolutionary leader and politician (b. 1726)
- 1796 - Catherine II of Russia (b. 1729)
- 1816 - Gouverneur Morris, American lawmaker and diplomat (b. 1752)
- 1822 - Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (b. 1748)
- 1836 - King Charles X of France (b. 1757)
- 1846 - Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (b. 1800)
- 1893 - Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1840)
- 1910 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (b. 1838)
- 1925 - Khai Dinh, Emperor of Vietnam
- 1964 - Hans von Euler-Chelpin, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1863)
- 1965 - Edgar Varèse, French composer (b. 1883)
- 1965 - Clarence Williams, American musician (b. 1898)
- 1968 - Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (b. 1891)
- 1978 - Harry Bertoia, Italian artist and designer (b. 1915)
- 1984 - Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (b. 1929)
- 1985 - Joel Crothers, Soap Opera Actor (b. 1941)
- 1986 - Elisabeth Grümmer, Alsatian soprano (b. 1911)
- 1989 - Yusaku Matsuda, Japanese actor (b. 1949)
- 1991 - Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
- 2000 - David R. Brower, American environmentalist (b. 1912)
- 2000 - L. Sprague De Camp, American writer (b. 1907)
- 2001 - Anthony Shaffer, English dramatist (b. 1926)
- 2002 - Sid Sackson, American board game designer (b. 1920)
- 2003 - Crash Holly, American professional wrestler (b. 1971)
- 2003 - Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (b. 1919)
- 2003 - Eduardo Palomo, Mexican actor (b. 1962)
- 2004 - Fred Dibnah, English television personality (b. 1938)
- 2004 -Johnny Warren, Australian footballer (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (b. 1967)

Holidays and Observances


- R.C. Saints - November 6th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
  - St. Atticus
  - St. Barlaam
  - St. Christine of Stommeln
  - St. Demetrian
  - St. Edwen
  - St. Efflam
  - St. Emil
  - St. Felix of Fondi
  - St. Felix of Thynissa
  - St. Illtud
  - St. Joseph Khang
  - St. Leonard
  - St. Leonard of Noblac
  - St. Leonard of Reresby
  - St. Leonianus
  - St. Pinnock
  - St. Winoc
- Also see November 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Dominican Republic - Constitution Day (1844)
- Finland - Day of the Swedish Identity an official flag day
- Morocco - Anniversary of the Green March
- Sweden - Death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden an official flag day
- Tajikistan - Constitution Day (1994)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/6 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 5 - November 7 - October 6 - December 6 - more historical anniversaries ko:11월 6일 ms:6 November ja:11月6日 simple:November 6 th:6 พฤศจิกายน

1510

Events


- Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy.
- Formation of the Holy League to defend the Italian States.
- Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch.

Births


- March 30 - Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (died 1566)
- April 2 - Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shogun (died 1550)
- July 22 - Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (died 1537)
- October 6 - Rowland Taylor, English protestant martyr (died 1555)
- November 6 - John Caius, English physician (died 1573)
- Francis Borgia, General of the Jesuits (died 1572)
- Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (died 1547)
- Francis David, Hungarian founder of the Unitarian Church (died 1579)
- Andrea Gabrieli, Italian composer and organist (died 1586)
- Claude Goudimel, French composer and music theorist (died 1572)
- Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (died 1577)
- Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (died 1576)
- Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (died 1574)
- Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (died 1586)
- Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (died 1551)
- Bernard de Palissy, French potter and writer
- Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (died 1590)
- Guillaume Postel, linguist (died 1581)
- Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and author
- Lawrence Sheriff, Elizabethan gentleman and grocer (died 1567)
- Claudio Veggio, Italian composer
- Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (died 1571)

Deaths


- February 28 - Juan de la Cosa, Spanish cartographer and explorer
- March 1 - Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer
- March 10 - Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (born 1445)
- May 17 - Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (born 1445)
- August 17 - Edmund Dudley, English statesman
- December 14 - Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)
- December 31 - Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1472)
- Agueybana, Taino chief
- Ambrogio Calepino, Italian lexicographer (born 1450)
- Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus
- Richard Empson, English statesman
- Giorgione, Italian painter
- Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer
- Florian Zamoyski, Polish nobleman Category:1510 ko:1510년

July 29

July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining.

Events


- 1014 - Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
- 1030 - King Olaf II fights and dies in the Battle of Stiklestad, trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
- 1567 - James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
- 1588 - Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, France.
- 1693 - War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen - France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
- 1793 - John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.
- 1848 - "Deşteaptă-te, române!" ("Wake up, O, Romania!", Romania's national anthem) is first sung in Râmnicu Vâlcea during the 1848 Revolution.
- 1848 - Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt - In Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put down by police.
- 1851 - Annibale de Gasparis discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
- 1858 - United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC.
- 1899 - The First Hague Convention is signed.
- 1900 - In Italy, King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci.
- 1907 - Sir Robert Baden-Powell founds the Boy Scouts with the first scout camp at Brownsea Island.
- 1920 - Construction of the Link River Dam begins as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project.
- 1932 - Great Depression: In Washington, DC, U.S. troops disperse the last of the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans.
- 1945 - The BBC Light Programme radio station was launched for mainstream light entertainment and music.
- 1947 - After being shut off on November 9, 1946 for a memory upgrade, ENIAC, the world's first all-electronic digital computer, is reactivated. It will remain in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.
- 1948 - After a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, the first Summer Olympics opened in London, United Kingdom.
- 1954 - The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of The Lord of the Rings, is published in the UK.
- 1957 - The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.
- 1958 - The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
- 1965 - Vietnam War: The first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrive in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay.
- 1966 - Musician Bob Dylan crashes his Triumph motorcycle in upstate New York. He goes into seclusion for over a year before reemerging and reinventing himself artistically.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Off the coast of North Vietnam the USS Forrestal catches on fire in the worst US naval disaster since World War II, killing 134.
- 1967 - At the fourth day of celebrating its 400th anniversary, the city of Caracas, Venezuela was shaken by an earthquake. The phenomenon lasted for 35 seconds, leaving approximately 500 deaths.
- 1976 - In New York City, the "Son of Sam" kills one person and seriously wounding another in the first of a series of attacks.
- 1981 - Lady Diana Spencer marries Charles, Prince of Wales.
- 1993 - The Israeli Supreme Court acquits accused Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.
- 1996 - The controversial child protection portion of the Communications Decency Act (1996) is struck down as too broad by a U.S. federal court.
- 2004 - U.S. Senator John F. Kerry of Massachusetts accepts the Democratic nomination for President of the United States at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 2005 - System Administrator Appreciation Day
- 2005 - Astronomers discover 10th planet.

Births


- 1166 - Henry II of Champagne (d. 1197)
- 1605 - Simon Dach, German poet (d. 1659)
- 1801 - George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
- 1805 - Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian and political scientist (d. 1859)
- 1843 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901)
- 1849 - Max Nordau, Austrian author, philosopher, and Zionist leader (d. 1923)
- 1865 - Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (d. 1936)
- 1869 - Booth Tarkington, American author (d. 1946)
- 1872 - Eric Alfred Knudsen, American author, folklorist (d. 1957)
- 1874 - James Shaver Woodsworth, Canadian minister, social worker, and politician (d. 1942)
- 1876 - Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian-born actress (d. 1949)
- 1878 - Don Marquis, American author (d. 1937)
- 1883 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (d. 1942)
- 1883 - Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator (d. 1945)
- 1884 - Ralph A. Bard, U.S. Navy Undersecretary (d. 1975)
- 1887 - Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (d. 1951)
- 1892 - William Powell, American actor (d. 1984)
- 1897 - Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (d. 1983)
- 1898 - Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
- 1900 - Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
- 1904 - J. R. D. Tata, Indian pioneer aviator and entrepreneur (d. 1993)
- 1905 - Clara Bow, American actress (d. 1965)
- 1905 - Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish UN Secretary-General, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961)
- 1905 - Stanley Kunitz, American poet
- 1905 - Thelma Todd, American actress (d. 1935)
- 1906 - Diana Vreeland, French-born fashion editor (d. 1989)
- 1907 - Melvin Belli, American lawyer and actor (d. 1996)
- 1913 - Erich Priebke, Nazi war criminal
- 1920 - Rodolfo Acosta, Mexican actor (d. 1974)
- 1924 - Lloyd Bochner, Canadian actor
- 1925 - Mikis Theodorakis, Greek composer
- 1927 - Harry Mulisch, Dutch author
- 1929 - Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher
- 1930 - Paul Taylor, American dancer and choreographer
- 1932 - Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker, U.S. Senator
- 1935 - Peter Schreier, German tenor
- 1936 - Elizabeth Dole, U.S. senator
- 1937 - Daniel McFadden, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1938 - Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television journalist (d. 2005)
- 1941 - David Warner, Canadian actor
- 1942 - Tony Sirico, American actor
- 1943 - David Taylor, English snooker player
- 1949 - Vida Blue, baseball player
- 1953 - Ken Burns, American producer and director
- 1953 - Geddy Lee, Canadian musician (Rush)
- 1957 - Nelli Kim, Russian gymnast
- 1959 - Sanjay Dutt, Indian actor
- 1959 - Ruud Janssen, Dutch writer and artist
- 1965 - Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-born author
- 1966 - Martina McBride, American singer
- 1972 - Wil Wheaton, American actor
- 1973 - Stephen Dorff, American actor
- 1973 - Wanya Morris, American singer Boyz II Men
- 1979 - Abs Breen, English singer
- 1980 - Fernando Gonzalez, Chilean Tennis Player
- 1981 - Fernando Alonso, Spanish race car driver
- 1987 - Randy S. Mays Jr., Student at the University of Pittsburgh

Deaths


- 238 - Pupienus, Roman Emperor (assassinated)
- 238 - Balbinus, Roman Emperor (assassinated)
- 1030 - King Olaf II of Norway (b. 995)
- 1099 - Pope Urban II (b. 1042)
- 1108 - King Philip I of France (b. 1081)
- 1507 - Martin Behaim, German-born navigator and geographer (b. 1459)
- 1612 - Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (b. 1554)
- 1644 - Pope Urban VIII (b. 1568)
- 1752 - Peter Warren, British admiral
- 1792 - René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (b. 1714)
- 1813 - Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (suicide) (b. 1771)
- 1833 - William Wilberforce, English campaigner against slavery (b. 1759)
- 1844 - Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
- 1856 - Robert Schumann, German composer (b. 1810)
- 1887 - Agostino Depretis, Italian statesman (d. 1813)
- 1890 - Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (b. 1853)
- 1900 - King Umberto I of Italy (b. 1844)
- 1913 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
- 1951 - Hozumi Shigeto, Japanese author (b. 1883)
- 1954 - Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (b. 1879)
- 1970 - John Barbirolli, English conductor (b. 1899)
- 1970 - George Szell, Hungarian conductor (b. 1897)
- 1974 - Cass Elliot, American musician (b. 1941)
- 1974 - Erich Kästner, German author (b. 1899)
- 1975 - James Blish, American writer (b. 1921)
- 1979 - Herbert Marcuse, German philosopher (b. 1898)
- 1979 - Bill Todman, American television producer (b. 1916)
- 1981 - Robert Moses, New York public works official (b. 1888)
- 1982 - Vladimir Zworykin, Russian physicist and inventor (b. 1889)
- 1983 - Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (b. 1900)
- 1983 - Raymond Massey, Canadian actor (b. 1896)
- 1983 - David Niven, English actor (b. 1910)
- 1984 - Fred Waring, American band leader and inventor (b. 1900)
- 1990 - Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1911)
- 1994 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
- 1996 - Jason Thirsk, American bassist (Pennywise) (b. 1967)
- 2001 - Edward Gierek, Polish politician (b. 1913)
- 2001 - Wau Holland, German hacker (b. 1951]])
- 2001 - Henryk Jablonski, President of Poland (b. 1909)
- 2003 - Foday Sankoh, Sierra Leonean rebel leader (b. 1937)
- 2004 - Rena Vlahopoulou, Greek comedienne and actress (b. 1923)

Holidays and observations


- Norway - St. Olav's Day
- Roman Catholic Church - Feast of Saint Olaf (Olaf II of Norway), patron of woodcarvers
- Roman Catholic Church - Feast of Saint Martha, sister of Lazarus, patron of cooks and dieticians
- Faroe Islands - Ólavsøka: opening of the Løgting session
- National Anthem Day in Romania

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/29 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 28 - July 30 - June 29 - August 29 -- listing of all days ko:7월 29일 ms:29 Julai ja:7月29日 simple:July 29 th:29 กรกฎาคม

England

:For an explanation of often-confusing terms like England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). England is a nation and the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom accounting for more than 83% of the total UK population. It occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with fellow home nations Scotland, to the north, and Wales, to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the sea. England is named after the Angles, one of a number of Germanic tribes believed to have originated in Angeln in Northern Germany, who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries. It has not had a distinct political identity since 1707, when Great Britain was established as a unified political entity; however, it has a legal identity separate from those of Scotland and Northern Ireland, as part of the entity "England and Wales;". England's largest city, London, is also the capital of the United Kingdom.

History

Main article: History of England England has been inhabited for at least 500,000 years, although the repeated Ice Ages made much of Britain uninhabitable for extended periods until as recently as 20,000 years ago. Stone Age hunter-gatherers eventually gave way to farmers and permanent settlements, with a spectacular and sophisticated megalithic civilisation arising in western England some 4,000 years ago. It was replaced around 1,500 years later by Celtic tribes migrating from Western and continental Europe, mainly from France. These tribes were known collectively as "Britons", a name bestowed by Phoenician traders — an indication of how, even at this early date, the island was part of a Europe-wide trading network. The Britons were significant players in continental politics and supported their allies in Gaul militarily during the Gallic Wars with the Roman Republic. This prompted the Romans to invade and subdue the island, first with Julius Caesar's raid in 55 BC, and then the Emperor Claudius' conquest in the following century. The whole southern part of the island — roughly corresponding to modern day England and Wales — became a prosperous part of the Roman Empire. It was finally abandoned early in the 5th century when a weakening Empire pulled back its legions to defend borders on the Continent. Unaided by the Roman army, Roman Britannia could not long resist the Germanic tribes who arrived in the 5th and 6th centuries, enveloping the majority of modern day England in a new culture and language and pushing Romano-British rule back into modern-day Wales and western extremities of England, notably Cornwall and Cumbria. Others emigrated across the channel to modern-day Brittany, thus giving it its name and language (Breton). But many of the Romano-British remained in and were assimilated into the newly "English" areas. The invaders fell into three main groups: the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Angles. As they became more civilised, recognisable states formed and began to merge with one another. (The most well-known state of affairs being the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.) From time to time throughout this period, one Anglo-Saxon king, recognised as the "Bretwalda" by other rulers, had effective control of all or most of the English; so it is impossible to identify the precise moment when the Kingdom of England was unified. In some sense, real unity came as a response to the Danish Viking incursions which occupied the eastern half of "England" in the 8th century. Egbert, King of Wessex (d. 839) is often regarded as the first king of all the English, although the title "King of England" was first adopted, two generations later, by Alfred the Great (ruled 871–899). The principal legacy left behind in those territories from which the language of the Britons were displaced is that of toponyms. Many of the place-names in England and to a lesser extent Scotland are derived from celtic British names, including London, Dumbarton, York, Dorchester, Dover and Colchester. Several place-name elements are thought to be wholly or partly Brythonic in origin, particularly bre-, bal-, and -dun for hills, carr for a high rocky place, coomb for a small deep valley. Until recently it has been believed that those areas settled by the Anglo-Saxons were uninhabited at the time or the Britons had fled before them. However, genetic studies show that the British were not pushed out to the Celtic fringes – many tribes remained in what was to become England (see C. Capelli et al. A Y chromosome census of the British Isles. Current Biology 13, 979–984, (2003)). Capelli's findings strengthen the research of Steven Bassett of the University of Birmingham; his work during the 1990s suggests that much of the West Midlands was only very lightly colonised with Anglian and Saxon settlements.
This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,
This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise,
This fortress built by Nature for herself
Against infection and the hand of war,
This happy breed of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands,—
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.
The English are great lovers of themselves, and of everything belonging to them; they think that there are no other men than themselves, and no other world but England; and whenever they see a handsome foreigner, they say that 'he looks like an Englishman', and that 'it is a great pity that he should not be an Englishmen'.
Venetian ambassador to England
Early 16th century
Charlotte Augusta Sneyd
Italian Relations of England (p. 20)
Richard II] Richard II] In 1066, William the Conqueror and the Normans conquered the existing Kingdom of England and instituted an Anglo-Norman administration and nobility who, retaining proto-French as their language for the next three hundred years, ruled as custodians over English commoners. Although the language and racial distinctions faded rapidly during the middle ages, the class system born in the Norman/Saxon divide persisted longer — arguably with traces lasting to the modern day. While Old English continued to be spoken by common folk, Norman feudal lords significantly influenced the language with French words and customs being adopted over the succeeding centuries evolving to a Romance-Germanic hybrid of Middle English widely spoken in Chaucer's time. England came repeatedly into conflict with Wales and Scotland, at the time an independent principality and an independent kingdom respectively, as its rulers sought to expand Norman power across the entire island of Britain. The conquest of Wales was achieved in the 13th century, when it was annexed to England and gradually came to be a part of that kingdom for most legal purposes, although in the modern era it is more usually thought of as a separate nation (fielding, for example, its own athletic teams). Norman power in Scotland waxed and waned over the years, with the Scots managing to maintain a varying degree of independence despite repeated wars with the English. Although it was on the whole only a moderately successful power in military terms, England became one of the wealthiest states in medieval Europe, due chiefly to its dominance in the lucrative wool market. The failure of English territorial ambitions in continental Europe prompted the kingdom's rulers to look further afield, creating the foundations of the mercantile and colonial network that was to become the British Empire. The turmoil of the Reformation embroiled England in religious wars with Europe's Catholic powers, notably Spain, but the kingdom preserved its independence as much through luck as through the skill of charismatic rulers such as Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's successor, James I was already king of Scotland (as James VI); and this personal union of the two crowns into the crown of Great Brittaine was followed a century later by the Act of Union 1707, which formally unified England, Scotland and Wales into the Kingdom of Great Britain. This later became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801 to 1927) and then the modern state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927 to present) For post-unification history, see history of the United Kingdom.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the United Kingdom, Government of England Since the promulgation of the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan and the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542, Wales has shared a legal identity with England as the joint entity of England and Wales. The Act of Union with the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707 created the Kingdom of Great Britain, subsuming England, Wales and Scotland into a single political entity. Scotland, along with Northern Ireland, retain separate legal systems. The duchy of Cornwall also retains some unique rights. All of Great Britain has been ruled by the government of the United Kingdom since that date, although in 1999 the first elections to the newly created Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales left England as the only part of the Union with no devolved assembly or parliament. As all legislation for England is passed by Parliament at Westminster there are some complaints about the ability of non-English Members of Parliament to influence purely English affairs. This apparent anomaly has been highlighted by both English and non-English politicians, often those opposed to devolution, and has become popularly known as the West Lothian question. Administratively, England is something of an anomaly within the UK. Unlike the other three nations, it has no local parliament or government and its administrative affairs are dealt with by a combination of the UK government, the UK parliament and a number of England-specific quangos, such as English Heritage. There are calls from some for a devolved English Parliament and from others for the dissolution of the UK and an independent England. The current Labour government favoured the establishment of regional administration, claiming that England was too large to be governed as a sub-state entity. A referendum on this issue in North East England on 4 November 2004 decisively rejected the proposal. Some criticised the English regional proposals for not decentralising enough, saying that they amounted not to devolution, but to little more than local government reorganisation, with no real power being removed from central government. The English regions would not even have had the limited powers of the Welsh Assembly, much less the tax-varying and legislative powers of the Scottish Parliament. Rather, power was simply re-allocated within the region, with little new resource allocation and no real prospects of Assemblies being able to change the pattern of regional aid. Responsibility for regional transport was added to the proposals late in the process. This was perhaps crucial in the North East, where resentment at the Barnett Formula, which delivers greater regional aid to adjacent Scotland, was a significant impetus for the North East devolution campaign. There has also been a campaign for a Cornish assembly along Welsh lines by groups such as Mebyon Kernow, which recently collected 50,000 signatures in support. Some eurosceptics believe that the establishment of English regions as administrative entities is designed to undermine the concept of English nationhood and more easily fit England into a European federal model. Conventionally the national capital of England is London, although technically it would be more exact to call London the capital of "England and Wales" given England's lack of a distinctive political identity separate from the Principality. Winchester served as the country's first national capital until some time in the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest. The City of London became England's commercial capital, while the City of Westminster (where the Royal court was located) became the political capital. These roles have, broadly speaking, been maintained to the present day.

Subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of England Historically, the highest level of local government in England was the county. These divisions had emerged from a range of units of old, pre-unification England, whether they were Kingdoms, such as Essex and Sussex; Duchies, such as Yorkshire, Cornwall and Lancashire or simply tracts of land given to some noble, as is the case with Berkshire. Until 1867, they were subdivided into smaller divisions called hundreds. These counties all still exist in, or near to, their original form as the traditional counties. In many places, however, they have been heavily modified or abolished outright as administrative counties. This came about due to a number of factors. The fact that the counties were so small meant, and still means, that there was no regional government able to coordinate an overarching plan for the area. This was especially true in the metropolitan areas surrounding the cities, as the county lines were usually drawn up before the industrial revolution and the mass urbanisation of England. The solution was the creation of large metropolitan counties centred on cities. These were later broken up, with several other counties, into unitary authorities, unifying the county and district/borough levels of government. London is a special case, and is the one region which currently has a representative authority as well as a directly elected mayor. The 32 London boroughs and the Corporation of London remain the local form of government in the city. Other than Greater London, the official regions are:
- North East England
- North West England
- Yorkshire and the Humber
- West Midlands
- East Midlands
- East of England
- South West England
- South East England Outside London the regions have very little power and are not accountable to elected representatives; regional authority is placed in the hands of unelected assemblies. If, as now seems unlikely, regions opt to replace these bodies with elected assemblies, local government in England will remain as variable and, some might say, as confusing as ever

Geography

Main articles: Geography of the United Kingdom, Geography of England Geography of England England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. It is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of Britain, divided from France only by a 38 km (24 statute mile or 21 nautical mile) sea gap. Most of England consists of rolling hills, but it is more mountainous in the north with a chain of low mountains, the Pennines, dividing east and west. The dividing line between terrain types is usually indicated by the Tees-Exe line. There is also an area of flat, low-lying marshland in the east, much of which has been drained for agricultural use. The list of England's largest cities is much debated because in British English the normal meaning of city is "a continuously built-up urban area"; these are hard to define and various other definitions are preferred by some people to boost the ranking of their own city. London is by far the largest English city. Manchester and Birmingham vie for second place. A number of other cities, mainly in the north of England, are of substantial size and influence. These include: Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Nottingham, Bristol and Sheffield Using the standard U.S. city limits definition of a city the top six are: Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Liverpool and Manchester. Note that London is not on this list (Greater London is a region and the City of London is tiny), and that one of the two candidates for the status of England's "second city", Manchester, is down in sixth. In the UK, this method of ranking cities is generally used only by people whose own city is promoted by it. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, links England to the European mainland. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. The largest harbour in England is at Poole, on the south-central coast. Internationally, it is the second largest harbour in the world, although this fact is disputed (See harbors for a list of other potential second largest harbours) The highest temperature ever recorded in England is 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on August 10, 2003 in Kent. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3153532.stm]. The lowest temperature ever recorded in England is -26.1 °C (-15.0 °F) on January 10, 1982 at Newport in Shropshire. [http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/#temperature]

Major rivers

Shropshire.]]
- Thames
- Severn
- Trent
- Humber
- Yorkshire Ouse
- Tyne
- Mersey
- Dee
- Avon Main article: Waterways in the United Kingdom

Major Conurbations

:See main article: List of towns in England The largest cities in England are much debated but according to the urban area populations (continuous built up areas) these would be the 15 largest conurbations. (Population figures taken from 2001 census) #Greater London (8,278,251) #West Midlands (2,284,093) #Greater Manchester (2,244,931) #Leeds/Bradford (1,499,465) #Tyneside (879,996) #Liverpool (816,216) #Nottingham (666,358) #Sheffield (640,720) #Bristol (551,066) #Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton (461,181) #Portsmouth (442,252) #Leicester (441,213) #Bournemouth/Poole (383,713) #Reading (369,804) #Teesside (365,323)

Economy

Main article: Economy of England

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of England, Population of England England is both the most populous and the most ethnically diverse nation in the United Kingdom with around 49 million inhabitants, of which roughly a tenth are from non-White ethnic groups. It is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe, second only to the Netherlands. This population is made up of, and descended from, immigrants who have arrived over millennia. The principal waves of migration have been in c. 600 BC (Celts), the Roman period (garrison soldiers from throughout the Empire), 350–550 (Angles, Saxons, Jutes), 800–900 (Vikings, Danes), 1066 (Normans), 1650–1750 (European refugees and Huguenots), 1840–1850 (Irish), 1880–1940 (Irish, Jews), 1950— (Irish, Caribbeans, Africans, South Asians), 1985— (citizens of European Community member states especially Ireland, East Europeans, Iranians, Kurds, refugees). The general prosperity of England as the largest partner of the UK, has also made it a destination for economic migrants particularly from Ireland and Scotland. This segment of English homogeneous society continues to create a diverse and dynamic language that is widely used internationally. The other image of foreign ethnic components in England is still mostly seen as a legacy of the British Empire; especially the Commonwealth of Nations.

English identity

The simplest view is that an English person is someone who is from England and holds British nationality, regardless of his or her racial origin. However, inhabitants of England quite commonly refer to themselves as "British" rather than "English"; centuries of English dominance within the United Kingdom has created a situation where to be English is, as a linguist would put it, an "unmarked" state (i.e. a British person, institution, custom, city, etc. is assumed English unless specified otherwise). The English frequently include their neighbours in the general term "British" while the Scots and Welsh, proud of their separate identities, tend to be more forward about referring to themselves by one of those more specific terms. Although currently a part of England, a notable percentage of those living in Cornwall feel similarly, considering themselves Cornish first. One significant exception is in Northern Ireland, where the Unionist community tend to identify very strongly as "British" (Republicans living in the province are more likely to consider themselves "Irish"), and there is not a "Northern Ireland" or "Northern Irish" identity to the same extent as there is (e.g.) a Scottish one. A person, therefore, using the term "English" to describe him or herself (regardless of personal history) may be going out of his or her way to do so; hence he or she may also be seen (rightly or wrongly, and not necessarily pejoratively) as nationalistic. While Scottish, Welsh, Irish and Cornish patriotism are widely exhibited, specifically English patriotism has often been viewed with suspicion, and most English people feel more comfortable identifying themselves with Britain as a whole. However, this may be to avoid being seen as bullies by their neighbours. The extent to which specifically English patriotism is linked to a right-wing xenophobic agenda has also generated discomfort. The appropriation of English symbols by racist far-right organisations such as the National Front made many people uncomfortable with expressions of Englishness. In recent years, English identity has recently been a topic of debate in the national press, with many English people trying to "reclaim" the term and the flag from the far-right. See English nationalism. One notable exception to the above is in relation to sports, in particular Association football, Rugby football and to a lesser extent Cricket. Transient successes are often accompanied by a revival of the use of the "St George's Cross". While it has not yet replaced the "Union Flag" its use is on the increase. Many English people who have spent a lot of time overseas fall into the habit of referring to themselves as "English". It is the most recognisable designation by speakers of many languages, especially where their own language uses a similar word. Even in other English-speaking countries, people are often perplexed by concepts of "British" or the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". All these distinctions are only possible because there is no "English citizenship" or legal definition of Englishness. Moreover, the hazy understanding many people have of the distinction between "England" and "Britain" compounds the confusion. If in doubt, refer to an "English" person as "British": this will always be correct. It may not be as precise as "English", but it will avoid offence in the event the person is actually from a different part of Britain.

Culture

Union Flag Main article: Culture of England
- English literature
  - Sir Thomas Browne
  - Geoffrey Chaucer
  - John Milton
  - William Shakespeare
  - Jane Austen
  - Mary Shelley
  - Charles Dickens
  - Thomas Hardy
  - George Orwell
  - J. R. R. Tolkien
  - C. S. Lewis
  - Douglas Adams
- List of national parks of England and Wales
- Food and Drink
- English folklore
- English art
  - English school of painting
- Music of England

Languages

Music of England.]] As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today (although not officially designated as such). An Indo-European language in Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family, it is closely related to Scots and Frisian. As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms merged into England, "Old English" emerged; some of its literature and poetry has survived. Used by aristocracy and commoners alike before the Norman Conquest (1066), English was displaced in cultured contexts under the new regime by the Norman French language of the new Anglo-French aristocracy. Its use was confined primarily to the lower social classes while official business was conducted in a mixture of Latin and French. Over the following centuries, however, English gradually came back into fashion among all classes and for all official business except certain traditional ceremonies. (Some survive to this day.) But Middle English, as it had by now become, showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins; and more recent years, Modern English has extended this custom, being always remarkable for its far-flung willingness to incorporate foreign-influenced words. The law does not recognise any language as being official, but English is the only language used in England for general official business. The other national languages of the UK (Welsh, Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic) are confined to their respective nations, and only Welsh is treated by law as an equal to English (and then only for organisations which do business in Wales). The only non-Anglic native spoken language in England is the Cornish language, a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall, which became extinct in the 19th century but has been revived and is spoken in various degrees of fluency by around 3,500 people. This has no official status (unlike Welsh) and is not required for official use, but is nonetheless supported by national and local government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Cornwall County Council has produced [http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/cornish/strategy/english/engl01.htm a draft strategy] to develop these plans. There is, however, no programme as yet for public bodies to actively promote the language. Scots is spoken by some adjacent to the Anglo-Scottish Border. Most deaf people within England speak British sign language (BSL), a sign language native to Britain. The British Deaf Association estimates that 70,000 people throughout the UK speak BSL as their first or preferred language, but does not give statistics specific to England. Like Cornish, BSL has no official status, but has been granted a degree of recognition by the government. The BBC broadcasts several of its programmes with BSL interpreters. Different languages from around the world, especially from the former British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations, have been brought to England by immigrants. Many of these are widely spoken within ethnic minority communities, including Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Chinese and Vietnamese. These are often used by official bodies to communicate with the r